DDoS - Distributed Denial-of-service

A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users. Although the means to carry out, motives for, and targets of a DoS attack may vary, it generally consists of the concerted efforts of a person or people to prevent an Internet site or servicefrom functioning efficiently or at all, temporarily or indefinitely. Perpetrators of DoS attacks typically target sites or services hosted on high-profile web servers such as banks, credit cardpayment gateways, and even root nameservers. The term is generally used with regards tocomputer networks, but is not limited to this field, for example, it is also used in reference toCPU resource management.^[1]

One common method of attack involves saturating the target machine with external communications requests, such that it cannot respond to legitimate traffic, or responds so slowly as to be rendered effectively unavailable. In general terms, DoS attacks are implemented by either forcing the targeted computer(s) to reset, or consuming its resourcesso that it can no longer provide its intended service or obstructing the communication media between the intended users and the victim so that they can no longer communicate adequately.

Denial-of-service attacks are considered violations of the IAB's Internet proper use policy, and also violate the acceptable use policies of virtually all Internet service providers. They also commonly constitute violations of the laws of individual nations.^[2]

Electronic commerce

Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or eCommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet usage. The use of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations inelectronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing,electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.

A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web.

Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses is referred to as business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market). Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses and consumers, on the other hand, is referred to as business-to-consumer or B2C. This is the type of electronic commerce conducted by companies such as Amazon.com. Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce where the buyer is directly online to the seller's computer usually via the internet. There is no intermediary service. The sale and purchase transaction is completed electronically and interactively in real-time such as Amazon.com for new books. If an intermediary is present, then the sale and purchase transaction is called electronic commerce such as eBay.com.

Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.

Partial Classes in .NET

One of the greatest benefits of partial classes is that it allows a clean separation of business logic and the user interface (in particular the code that is generated by the visual designer). Using partial classes, the UI code can be hidden from the developer, who usually has no need to access it anyway. Partial classes will also make debugging easier, as the code is partitioned into separate files.

So, what are the uses for partial classes?

Here are some good reasons to use partial classes:

1. They allow programmers on your team to work on different parts of a class without needing to share the same physical file. While this is useful for projects that involve big class files, be wary: If you find your class file getting too large, it may well signal a design fault and re-factoring may be required.

2. The most compelling reason for using partial class is to separate your application business logic from the designer-generated code. For example, the code generated by Visual Studio 2005 for a Windows Form is kept separate from your business logic (we will discuss this in a later section). This will prevent developers from messing with the code that is used for the UI. At the same time, it will prevent you from losing your changes to the designer-generated code when you change the UI.

jQuery Releases on the CDN

The following releases of jQuery are hosted on the CDN: 

jQuery version 1.4.4

• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.4.4.js
• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.4.4.min.js
• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.4.4-vsdoc.js

jQuery version 1.4.3

• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.4.3.js
• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.4.3.min.js
• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.4.3-vsdoc.js

jQuery version 1.4.2

• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.4.2.js
• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.4.2.min.js
• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.4.2-vsdoc.js

jQuery version 1.4.1

• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.4.1.js
• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.4.1.min.js
• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.4.1-vsdoc.js 

jQuery version 1.4

• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.4.js
• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.4.min.js 

jQuery version 1.3.2 

• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.3.2.js
• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.3.2.min.js
• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.3.2-vsdoc.js
• http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.3.2.min-vsdoc.js 

jQuery UI Releases on the CDN

The following releases of the jQuery UI library are hosted on this CDN. Click each link to see the actual list of files. 

• jQuery UI 1.8.5
• jQuery UI 1.8.6

jQuery Validation Releases on the CDN

The following releases of the jQuery Validation library are hosted on this CDN. Click each link to see the actual list of files. 

• jQuery Validate 1.7
• jQuery Validate 1.6
• jQuery Validate 1.5.5

jQuery Templates Releases on the CDN

The following releases of the jQuery Templates plugin are hosted on this CDN. Click each link to see the actual list of files. 

• jQuery Templates Beta 1

jQuery Cycle Releases on the CDN

The following releases of the jQuery Cycle plugin are hosted on this CDN. Click each link to see the actual list of files. 

• jQuery Cycle 2.88

Using ASP.NET Ajax from the CDN

When using ASP.NET 4, you can redirect all requests for ASP.NET framework scripts to the CDN. Retrieving scripts from the CDN instead of your local web server can substantially improve the performance of public ASP.NET websites.

Use the ScriptManager EnableCDN property to redirect all ASP.NET framework script requests to the Microsoft Ajax CDN:

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1. <asp:ScriptManager  
2.   ID="ScriptManager1"  
3.   EnableCdn="true"  
4.   Runat="Server" />  

ajax.microsoft.com renamed to ajax.aspnetcdn.com

The CDN used to use the microsoft.com domain name and has been changed to use the aspnetcdn.com domain name. This change was made to increase performance because when a browser referenced the microsoft.com domain it would send any cookies from that domain across the wire with each request. By renaming to a domain name other than microsoft.com performance can be increased by as much to 25%. Note ajax.microsoft.com will continue to function but ajax.aspnetcdn.com is recommended.

• Old Format: http://ajax.microsoft.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.4.4.js
• New Format: http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.4.4.js

The new format does not support SSL yet, so if you need to use SSL you should use the older format until we get SSL enabled on the new format.

jQuery UI on the Microsoft CDN

You can start using jQuery UI in your ASP.NET websites by linking to jQuery UI at the following address:

http://ajax.microsoft.com/ajax/jquery.ui/1.8.5/jquery-ui.js

You can start using the CDN now for free. No registration is required.

Using jQuery UI from the CDN can substantially improve the performance of your production ASP.NET websites. The Microsoft CDN is composed of servers distributed around the world. When users request a page from your website, the users can retrieve jQuery UI from a server located geographically close to them.

In addition, because browsers cache JavaScript files relative to a domain, serving jQuery UI from a CDN enables your website users to avoid downloading jQuery UI when visiting multiple websites. If you visit two websites that both use jQuery UI from the Microsoft CDN then the jQuery UI library only needs to be downloaded once.

Learn more about the Microsoft Ajax CDN by visiting the following website:

http://www.asp.net/ajaxlibrary/cdn.ashx

This website is being updated with the location of all of the jQuery UI library files.